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Gottfried Leibniz, like Descartes, contributed well to mathematics as he did to philosophy. Albeit he was a rationalist, he thought that rationality wasn’t enough to justify pure reason and that knowledge must be obtained from the external world too. He identified two...
Advances during the Enlightenment period had a very different influence on British philosophy from that of continental Europe. In reaction against the rationalism of Cartesianism, Spinozism, and Leibnizianism, British philosophers rejected the idea that reason is the...
Hobbes took an active interest throughout his life in the scientific discoveries of his era. Although he wrote about many subjects, he spent much of his career writing about science. His views on religion were influenced by the ideas of Isaac Newton, whose work had...
Descartes thought animals were just like us, except lacking consciousness. He called them “automata”: machines that could not think, feel or act independently. Hobbes disagreed, claiming that animals were actually thinking beings and that they had free will. In his...
As Hobbes prepared the grassroots for empiricism, John Locke was the first to conceive its arguments. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke argued that all knowledge comes from experiences. Locke’s epistemology is built around a strict distinction...
A completely and truly free course on Semiology (Semiotics). Learn about the meaning of signs, how and why did the field emerged. What is the relationship between the street signs and the signs that we use every day - words.
