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In 1789, Jeremy Bentham founded Utilitarianism, a theory of ethics that focused on quantifying benefits and harms. His ideas were influential in the development of modern utilitarianism and consequentialism. According to him, every action should be judged by its...
Utilitarianism, derived from Jeremy Bentham’s idea of utility, means that the correct moral decision is the one that brings about the greatest happiness or benefit to everyone. There is nothing absolute about this theory, and many different interpretations exist. For...
The concept of “freedom” as the freedom of individuals, so long as it does not harm anyone else, was taken almost as a given until the mid-20th century. But in his 1958 book, "Two Concepts of Liberty", Isaiah Berlin explains that what we usually call “liberty” is...
After the American and French Revolutions, there were many attempts at political reform, starting with the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the French Revolution in 1789. These include freedom from slavery, right of self-determination, freedom of...
The Enlightenment period was dominated by French and British philosophies yet the German philosophers gained popularity only from the late 1780s. German philosophers were pioneers in thinking about the relationship between mind and body. Immanuel Kant – one of the...
A completely and truly free course on Semiology (Semiotics). Learn about the meaning of signs, how and why did the field emerged. What is the relationship between the street signs and the signs that we use every day - words.
