Cogito, ergo sum – Latin: “I think, therefore I am – a dictum coined by the French philosopher René Descartes in his Discourse on Method as a first step in demonstrating the attainability of certain knowledge. He approached metaphysics and epistemology in a similar fashion as one would approach mathematical problems. It is the only statement to survive the test of his methodic doubt.
The statement is indubitable, as Descartes argued in the second of his six Meditations on First Philosophy because even if an all-powerful demon were to try to deceive him into thinking that he exists when he does not, he would have to exist in order for the demon to deceive him into thinking that he exists when he does not, he would have to exist in order for the demon to deceive him. Therefore, whenever he thinks, he exists. Furthermore, as he argued in his replies to critics of the Meditations, the statement “I am” (sum) expresses an immediate intuition, not the conclusion of a piece of reasoning (regarding the steps of which he could be deceived), and is thus indubitable. However, in a later work, the Principles of Philosophy, Descartes suggested that the cogito is indeed the conclusion of a syllogism whose premises include the propositions that he is thinking and that whatever thinks must exist.
