Cognitive psychology was one of the influences on the development of ideas about child development in the second half of the twentieth century. Erik Erikson’s theory of psychological development was based more on Sigmund Freud’s theories of psychosexual development than he was on Jean Piaget, with the stages of psychological development being characterized by ‘crises’ of opposing inner forces. Erikson suggested that it is not necessarily necessary to successfully complete a developmental stage before progressing to the next, although failure may lead to problems in later life. Development continues throughout adulthood.
He identified eight stages of development, each offering the opportunity to resolve both positive and negative aspects. In the early years of his life, the child learns to trust and develop confidence in himself. Later, they experience feelings of shame, doubt, and guilt which help them to grow into adulthood. In school, the student grows intellectually and matures socially. When they become an adult, they face the challenges of establishing relationships, starting a family, and pursuing a career. Finally, when they reach old age, they reflect upon their life and consider how to make the best of what they have learned.
